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Energy saving

6 Best Power Efficiency Guide For Generator

By Mary

Definition: a machine for generating electrical energy from mechanical energy

More specific terms: synchronous generator, asynchronous generator, linear generator, external pole generator, internal pole generator, direct current generator, alternating current generator, three-phase generator

An (electrical) generator is a machine that can produce electrical energy from mechanical energy. By design, most generators strongly resemble certain electric motors, and many electric machines can indeed be used as motors or generators.

The term generator is often used in a broader sense than a technical device that converts mechanical, chemical, thermal or electromagnetic energy directly into electrical energy. For example, a thermoelectric generator can produce electrical energy directly from heat. Photovoltaic cells are also generators in this sense. However, the rest of this article applies to electromechanical generators.

Power Efficiency is the ratio of useful power output divided by the power input (total electrical power used).

Power efficiency principle and designs

The basic physical principle of the generator is electrical induction: a voltage is induced in an electrically conductive coil when the magnetic flux through the coil changes. This is achieved by moving a magnet against the coils. There are two different ways of doing this (apart from the less common principle of the linear generator), both of which are frequently used:

  • With the out-of-pole generator, the magnetic field is generated in the stator (the non-moving part of the generator), and electrical energy is generated by induction in the rotor. It must then be transferred to the outside, e.g. via sliding contacts with brushes, which is problematic at high power levels.

  • With the internal pole generator, the magnetic field is generated in the rotor, and induction takes place in the stator. In the case of electrical excitation (see below), electrical energy often has to be transmitted via brushes again, but to a much lesser extent, as the energy required for excitation is only a small fraction of the generator output. Alternatively, a small additional external pole excitation machine can be implemented to cover the rotor’s power requirement without brushes.

If electric current is then also taken from the induction coil, i.e. electric energy is generated by the generator, a counterforce is created which brakes the movement. The greater the electrical power taken, the greater the necessary mechanical drive power. In contrast, an electrically unloaded generator hardly brakes the drive source at all.

There are also electrostatic generators that do not use magnetic fields. However, these are very rarely used and are only suitable for very low power.

There is a wide range of different generator designs, adapted to the respective applications. Depending on the design, a generator produces alternating current (possibly also in the form of three-phase current) or direct current. Direct current is obtained by rectifying the originally generated alternating voltage, either internally through a commutator (electrical contacts which periodically reverse the direction of connection of the rotor coil in the external pole generator) or through an external rectifier.

power efficiency

Synchronous Generator Working Principle

READ NEXT: Starting Current : Guide, Background Information and 5 Valuable Tips

Synchronous and asynchronous generators

Some AC and three-phase generators operate synchronously, i.e. their speed is fixed by the frequency of the power grid to which they feed. Such synchronous generators are used almost exclusively for high power. However, smaller generators often operate as asynchronous generators, where there is a certain speed slip: They turn a little faster, especially when operating at high power. This results in a certain loss of power efficiency, especially with smaller generators.

Another disadvantage of the asynchronous generator is a certain amount of reactive current. But in return it is particularly simple to build and robust. Synchronous generators are often designed so that an adjustable reactive power can be generated.

asynchronous generator

Asynchronous Generator Working Principle

READ NEXT: Discover How Inverter Power Generator Works

Relationship between speed and number of poles

A high number of poles is required to operate a generator at low speeds.

With alternating current and three-phase generators there is (just like with motors) a more or less fixed relationship between the speed and the mains frequency, which however also depends on the number of poles (= 2 – number of pole pairs): The speed of the magnetic field (rotating field speed), which in the synchronous machine corresponds exactly to the speed of the rotor, is the mains frequency divided by the number of pole pairs.

 For example, the minimum possible number of pole pairs 1 at 50 Hz mains frequency results in a rotating field speed of 50 / s = 3000 / min, i.e. 3000 revolutions per minute. With two pole pairs, the speed drops to 1500 rpm, whereas 2000 rpm cannot be achieved.

Slow-running generators, e.g. in hydroelectric power stations and gearless wind turbines, must have a high number of poles. In contrast, turbogenerators driven directly by turbines are usually two-pole or sometimes four-pole.

Permanent excitation and electrical excitation

Small generators (such as bicycle dynamos) are usually permanently excited, i.e. the magnets used are permanent magnets (permanent magnets). For very large generators in power stations, practically only electrical excitation (external excitation) is used, i.e. electromagnets are used.

A part of the electrical energy produced is thus used for excitation, but this part can be quite small (for large generators well below 1% of the power produced), as the coils of the electromagnets have a low electrical resistance.

When starting an electrically excited generator without an external energy source, there is in principle the problem that initially there is no energy available to operate the exciter. However, at least a small residual magnetic field remains from the previous operation, which at least allows a small induction voltage. This now causes a small current through the exciter coil, so that the magnetic field and thus the induced voltage continues to increase.

The generator can be started in a short time even without an external energy source. The basic principle described is known as the dynamoelectric principle.

In the meantime, generators with outputs of several megawatts, as used in particular in wind turbines, are also designed with permanent excitation. This is made possible by the use of high-performance neodymium magnets and allows both a compact design and (due to the particularly strong magnetic field) operation at very low speeds, so that even a gearbox can be dispensed with.

Smaller versions of such generators are also used in vehicles with hybrid drive, for example. Unfortunately, however, the extraction of neodymium in mines (currently largely in China) is a very polluting process, as the ore contains many undesirable other substances, some of which are very toxic and some of which are radioactive. In addition, bottlenecks in the supply of rare earths such as neodymium threaten.

It should be noted, however, that mining activities could be made more environmentally friendly in the future and that at the end of the life of such a generator, the entire quantity of the neodymium contained can be recycled, as this material is not consumed.

Another possibility is electrical excitation with superconducting coils, which became practicable with the development of high-temperature superconductors (HTS). In this case, there is no need to use electrical energy for excitation, since the current can flow through the coils without any resistance. However, energy is required for the operation of refrigerating machines to cool the coils sufficiently to achieve superconductivity. Nevertheless, the power efficiency can be quite high. In addition, this principle enables a particularly compact design.

Power efficiency

Energy losses in a generator are mainly caused by the electrical resistance of the coils (ohmic losses, copper losses) and by generated unwanted eddy currents in iron cores (iron losses), additionally also by mechanical friction and air resistance as well as in larger generators by the energy expenditure for cooling equipment.

 However, large stationary generators achieve very high power efficiency of often more than 98 % or even 99 %. Generators with superconducting coils (see above), which are very power efficient and can be built smaller, are now being developed, especially for supplying ship propulsion systems.

Applications of electrical generators

The main applications of electric generators are:

  • The vast majority of electrical energy is produced by generators, especially turbo generators.
  • In most power plants, electrical energy is generated in one or more generators from mechanical energy. This is especially true for hydroelectric power plants, wind turbines and all types of thermal power plants, regardless of whether the heat is produced by burning fuel or in a nuclear reactor. In the case of thermal power plants, turbo generators are practically always used.
  • In electric cars and vehicles with hybrid drive, the drive motor usually serves as a generator for the recovery of braking energy (recuperation) during braking, which can be used to charge the vehicle battery (accumulator). Similarly, most electric locomotives can use the motor as a generator and feed braking energy back into the overhead line.
  • In vehicles with combustion engines, an on-board alternator generates the necessary electrical energy, unless a larger generator is already available through a hybrid drive. In bicycles, a small dynamo of very low power is used, which today is often designed as a more power efficiency and reliable wheel hub dynamo.

READ NEXT: Generator Transfer Switch

Typical characteristics of electric generators

Generators can meet a wide range of requirements, depending on their design:

  • Electrical outputs between less than one watt and significantly more than one gigawatt are possible.

  • Particularly large generators (e.g. in power plants with outputs of hundreds of megawatts) achieve very high power efficiency of sometimes more than 98 %. A high degree of power efficiency is possible over a wide range of outputs, i.e. also in partial load operation.

  • Depending on the design, a generator produces direct current, alternating current or three-phase current, and it can be driven at constant or variable speeds.

  • Many generators can also be operated as electric motors. One then often speaks more generally of electric machines.

  • The service life of a generator is usually very long (often many decades), as long as certain problematic operating conditions (e.g. severe overload, excessive speed or failure of the cooling system) are avoided.

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8 Inverter Power Generator Tips: Discover How It Works

By Mary

Introduction to the world of the inverter power generator

Nowadays almost nothing works without electricity. We have all gotten much too used to this luxury and we only notice how dependent we have become when there is no fixed power socket nearby. Mobile power generators have practically infinite possibilities. During a longer blackout as an emergency power supply, when traveling with a motorhome, in the garden at home, on building sites, during a festival visit, on boats, when camping or as a welcome power supplier at open-air events: On all these occasions – and countless others – mobile power generators play out their full strength. No wonder, then, that these handy power plants are becoming increasingly popular.

In the search for a suitable device, the term “inverter technology” is being used more and more often. The innovative inverter power generators will sooner or later dominate the market of mobile power generation due to their characteristics and advantages over conventional power generators (converters). Nevertheless, not everybody can imagine anything under this technology, especially if you are not yet very familiar with this matter. Also our customer service regularly receives calls and mails on this topic. Therefore, in this guidebook, we dedicate ourselves entirely to the question of what the features and advantages of this technology are and how an inverter power generator works.

Champion 3400-Watt Dual Fuel RV Ready Portable Inverter Generator with Electric Start Pulsar G2319N 2,300W Portable Gas-Powered Inverter Generator with USB Outlet & Parallel Capability, CARB Compliant, Gray

Features and advantages of an inverter power generator

What does the term “inverter” mean anyway? The easiest way to translate “inverter” is to say “inverter” because it converts direct current reliably into alternating current. The great advantage of this technology is that at the end of this process a perfect and pure sine wave voltage is delivered. Quasi electricity with the constant high quality of a house socket.

This results in many advantages for the consumer. For example, the inverter power generators guarantee a clean power output always and everywhere, as dangerous voltage fluctuations are prevented. Therefore even highly sensitive electronic consumers (e.g. laptop, TV set and music system) can be operated without any problems. Conventional power generators without inverter technology, however, can damage or even destroy them.

In addition, the inverter power generators are able to adjust their speed downwards accordingly in partial load operation. In the practical eco mode, the engine speed is optimally adapted to the amount of electrical energy required, i.e. the mobile power generator runs much more quietly at the push of a button and less fuel is consumed. And this is good news for both your wallet and the environment.

How an inverter power generator works?

An important feature of inverter generators is that the combustion engine and the generator work independently of each other. Or in other words: They can run at different frequencies. The downstream inverter electronics finally ensures that the current produced by the generator is output with a harmonized and stable sine wave voltage.

Now that you have gained some theoretical background knowledge about an inverter power generator, it’s time for one of our blue guys to literally drop his pants for you.

Therefore we present you a 3D sectional drawing at this point. Thanks to it you can see very well how the inner workings are and how an inverter generator works.

inverter power generator

Working of inverter power generator

1. Display:

The clearly arranged LCD display informs about all important performance data at a glance. This includes, for example, the voltage delivered, the current power or the total number of operating hours completed. The oil level can also be easily checked here. Thanks to the backlighting, the power generator is also suitable for use in the dark – for example, for a hip party under the stars.

2. Sockets:

Consumers with 230-volt alternating current are connected to the Schuko sockets. Inverter power generators with sufficient power potential often even have two sockets to be able to operate several consumers at the same time. This means that there is no longer any dispute about who may first take possession of the handy mini power station. When buying a mobile power generator, make absolutely sure that the sockets have at least IP54 protection class (protection against splashing water). High-quality generators also have a connection for 12-volt direct current. This is particularly practical if, for example, an empty mobile home battery needs to be charged while on the move.

3. Starter battery (also accumulator):

The starter battery stores electrical energy and releases it when needed. If your new inverter power generator is equipped with this feature, the starting process is more comfortable than ever: Simply press the ignition button and turn the key and you have your personal power to go. And all this without breaking out in a sweat from starting with a pull starter.

4. Electronics:

On this board is the inverter. Practically nothing works without this important component, because it converts the direct current coming from the generator into clean alternating current with a pure sine wave. Only in this way can sensitive electronic devices (e.g. laptop, music system or television) be operated safely. Because unlike a conventional power generator, an inverter power generator reliably protects these consumers from serious damage.

inverter power generator

Working of inverter power generator

5. Cooling fins:

The combustion process in the engine generates heat which must be dissipated as quickly as possible. For this purpose, a fan wheel rotates in the operating state, which dissipates the heated air. Its path leads past aluminium cooling fins, which reduces the temperature of the air. This is based on the physical principle of enlarging body surfaces in order to improve heat transfer to the environment and thus cooling overall. This prevents the engine from overheating so that the generator can remain in operation as long as you wish.

6. Motor:

Here you can see a 1-cylinder 4-stroke engine of the latest generation with automatic easy start. An important quality feature is the overhead camshaft. The engine is the heart for the function of an inverter power generator. By means of an automatic speed control, it adapts itself optimally to the “hunger for electricity” of the respective consumer. You benefit from this in two ways: Significantly less fuel is consumed and, in addition, the inverter power generator works as quiet as a whisper.

7. Encapsulated housing:

Conventional generators with open frame construction are loud and clumsy. You should therefore prefer the more advanced inverter power generators, because they are much quieter and run more smoothly due to the encapsulated design. The high-quality insulation materials also contribute to optimal sound absorption. By the way, a consistent lightweight construction runs through the inverter power generators and ergonomically shaped components are used, so that transport is easy.

8. Carburetor air filter unit:

Here first the fuel is finely atomized. Then it is brought together with the already pre-filtered air. The fuel-air mixture now has the perfect composition for the subsequent explosion. This takes place in the combustion chamber – and the inverter power generator already begins its work.

9. Fuel tank:

This tank holds the fuel necessary to run the engine. Petrol-driven inverter generators are quieter and smoother than their diesel-based counterparts and are also cheaper to buy. The size of the tank is of course a decisive factor in how long an inverter generator will run without refuelling. Depending on the connected consumers, top-of-the-range devices can run for up to 14 hours with just one tank filling.

10. Cable starter:

This mechanical cable starter is also called a reversing starter. With a cable pull, combustion engines with a rather small displacement can be started quite easily. Just pull the cable 1-2 times and the inverter power generator starts. Of course, the pull-wire starter also offers a certain safety aspect: If the starter battery fails, for example because it is discharged, the power generator can still be reliably started.

11. Manual fuel pump:

The manual fuel pump makes starting a car much easier, especially after long periods of standing still. Each time the pump is actuated, a little petrol flows into the carburetor due to the negative pressure. Press a few times and the inverter power generator purrs like a kitten.

Summary

How does an inverter power generator work? After reading this guide, you can answer this question easily. You now also know the main reasons why inverters are considered to be the most innovative devices on the market: they generate electricity on the move with the quality of a household socket so that even voltage-sensitive consumers can be connected without worrying about damage – and they are quieter and produce fewer emissions than conventional power generators.

Technology fans also got their money’s worth in the section where the inner workings and functionality of an inverter power generator are explained in detail. We hope that you enjoyed this technology excursion and that you now feel well informed.

If you still missed one or the other point, please contact our customer service! There all your questions will be answered competently.

The 8 Best Electric Generators

By Mary

Electric Generators – Buying Guide, Reviews and Opinions

If you are planning a trip to the mountains and need to bring some electronic devices with you on your trip, the trunk of your car should not lack an electric generator that can power a computer, smart phone and tablet, or even a small fridge or TV. Some people even use portable generators to supply additional electricity source to the power instrument they use daily in their profession, home or trade.

​ Among the best electric generators on the market is the Hyundai Dhy6000Lek which stands out for working at 3000 RPM thanks to its 4-stroke direct injection engine.​

If you want to buy the best electric generators of the moment, we recommend you to look at each of the products we have selected for you, so that you can make a comparison between several models and decide which one fits your needs perfectly.  If you are looking to go green, see our top reviewed solar generators

Best Electric Generators

When buying generators in 2020, it’s important to know one is getting good value for money. Its not only important that you get a good value for money generator, you also need to factor in cost of maintenance to keep your generator running for a very very long time.

Hyundai Dhy6000Lek Pro Series Diesel Generator 3,000 RPM

#Best Choice

Electric generator

In case you need a powerful electric generator that works efficiently, we recommend you look at this powerful model that has a compact 4-stroke diesel engine with 10 horsepower.

This diesel-electric generator has a voltage of 230V and a current of 23.9 amps. It also has two 16 amp sockets, ideal for plugging in two pieces of equipment or devices at once. You can easily observe and adjust the values and power of this model thanks to its small digital LED display.

It is considered one of the best electrical generators of 2020 thanks to all its previous features, besides having a manual or electric start mode as the case may be. On the other hand, it generates a noise level of up to 77, 5 dBA at 7 meters distance.

If you are looking for the best electric generators, it is important that you look at and compare each of the advantages and disadvantages of all the models on this list, starting with this Hyundai generator.

Pros

  • Support: It has a special support that allows it to reduce the vibrations generated when it is in operation
  • Regulator: Thanks to its automatic AVR voltage regulation system, you can achieve a stable output voltage.
  • Engine: It is equipped with a 4-stroke air-cooled diesel engine with direct injection and rated at 5,000 watts.
  • Fuel tank: It has a large fuel tank of up to 14 litres, which will allow you to have a long operation.

Cons

  • Price: The high price of this electric generator forces you to look at other alternatives, especially if you are a bit tight on your budget.
Sale
DuroMax XP13000EH Dual Fuel Portable Generator 13000 Watt Gas or Propane Powered Electric Start-Home Back Up, Blue/Gray
DuroMax XP13000EH Dual Fuel Portable Generator 13000 Watt Gas or Propane Powered Electric Start-Home Back Up, Blue/Gray
  • POWERFUL DUROMAX ENGINE: The XP13000EH is powered by a 500cc OHV Duromax Engine.
  • DUAL FUEL TECHNOLOGY: The ability to run on Propane or Gasoline allows the Freedom and Flexibility of Fuel Choice.
  • PLENTY OF POWER: With 13,000 starting watts and 10,500 watts, this unit can handle heavy loads from lights, refrigerators, home conditioners and high amperage power tools.
  • MAXIMUM POWER: The power panel includes a wide selection of outlets for maximum compatibility in your applications including: 1 120/240V 50A heavy duty outlet, 1 120/240V 30A twist lock outlet, 1 120V 30A twist lock outlet, and 2 120V 20A household outlets.
  • POWERING EVERYONE ANYWHERE: Like all DuroMax generators, the XP13000EH is EPA and CARB approved for use in all 50 states.
$1,399.00
Buy on Amazon

Honda EU20i 2Kw Muffled Inverter Generator

Ideal for spending your leisure time on the computer or charging your mobile phone if you are in an isolated place without any kind of power outlet, this compact and portable Honda electric generator is ideal for carrying in the trunk of your car, as it can be conveniently stored anywhere thanks to its dimensions of 51 x 42.5 x 29 centimetres.

Honda is considered the best brand of electric generators thanks to the performance and features offered by its products. This model incorporates a 4-stroke, 1-cylinder GX100 engine, which is air-cooled and achieves a maximum output power of 2,000 watts.

It incorporates a 0.4 litre oil tank with an Oil Alert sensor that warns if the level is below the indicated level, as well as a 4.1 litre fuel tank.

If you still don’t know which is the best electric generator, we recommend you to look at all the important features of this model, both the positive and negative ones.

Pros

  • Time: It has an extended operating time of approximately 10 hours thanks to its fuel tank of up to 4.1 litres.
  • Power: This model stands out for its nominal power of 1,600 watts, managing to reach 2,000 watts.

Cons

  • Gas: Consider this equipment ideal for use in open spaces, as it emits some gases that can be toxic and harmful to health.
Honda Power Equipment EB2800i 2800W 120V Inverter Portable Gas Generator
Honda Power Equipment EB2800i 2800W 120V Inverter Portable Gas Generator
  • Inverter - Fuel efficient, stable power for sensitive equipment & electronics
  • Lightweight and portable
  • Quiet, trusted jobsite power
  • 2800 watts, 120V
  • Jobsite grade - GFCI protection, OSHA & LA-ETL compliant
Buy on Amazon

Tacklife 2000W gasoline electric generator

When we talk about electric generators, it is necessary to look at the nominal and maximum power that the device reaches. This model reaches 2,000 watts of power and is equipped with a 4.2 liter fuel tank that allows it to run from 3.5 to 8 hours. In addition, it incorporates two USB 3.0 inputs with which you can charge various devices.

This Tacklife branded product stands out for being considered a silent electric generator thanks to its noise reduction system that is composed of a lateral shock absorber that allows for a sound level that ranges from 65 to 78 dB and will not affect the users’ peace of mind.

Considered one of the cheapest models on this list, this electric generator has a service door on the right side of this generator to make the necessary maintenance easy.

To choose the best value for money electric generator you need to review the highlights of this and the other models on this list.

Pros

  • Power: The engine of this compact electric generator reaches 2,000 watts of power, making it ideal for providing sufficient energy to a large number of devices.
  • Converter: Using a practical frequency converter, this equipment manages to consume less gasoline than other similar models.
  • Compact: Thanks to its compact dimensions of 53 x 28.5 x 48.5 centimetres, you can comfortably carry this generator in small spaces.

Cons

  • Interference: If you need to connect any interference-sensitive device such as some models of televisions, we recommend that you choose another model.

Champion 9306 Generator

Champion 3500-Watt RV Ready Portable Generator, 46596 model

Known as one of the lightest models on the market, this electric inverter generator weighs approximately 9.5 kilograms, allowing most users to easily move it to the place where some electrical power is needed.

This electric generator incorporates a 40 cubic centimeter, 4-stroke, single-phase engine that is fueled by gasoline, producing a maximum power of 0.96 KVA and 1.35 horsepower. It reaches 5,500 RPM in normal function and in echo mode up to 3,600 RPM.

It has a 2.1-liter fuel tank which allows it to achieve a range of 4 hours, varying according to the use you give it. It also generates a sound level of 59 dB and sound power of 93 dB(A).

If you still don’t know which electric generator to buy, it is advisable to take a closer look at the most outstanding features of this practical model.

Pros

  • Engine: Equipped with a practical 4-stroke 40-cubic-centimetre engine with 1.35 horsepower, which achieves a total output power of 0.70 KVA.
  • Portability: Thanks to its compact dimensions of 42.5 x 23 x 38 centimeters and approximate weight of 9.5 kilograms, you can easily take this equipment anywhere.
  • Sound: It has an intelligent noise reduction system that allows it to reach a noise level of up to 59 dB.

Cons

  • Autonomy: Bear in mind that the autonomy of this generator is approximately 4 hours, so if you are looking for a device that can supply energy for longer, we recommend you look at another model.
Champion 3500-Watt RV Ready Portable Generator, 46596 model
Champion 3500-Watt RV Ready Portable Generator, 46596 model
  • Your purchase includes One Champion 3500-Watt RV Ready Portable Generator, 46596 model (EPA Compliant)
  • Portable Generator dimensions: 23.2” L x 17.5" W x 19.6" H. Product weight: 99.2 lbs
  • Specifications: Noise level – 68 dBA from 23 ft. | Volts – 120V | Gasoline Running Amps – 29.2 | Frequency – 60Hz | Gasoline Run time at ½ load – 12.0 h | No Parallel Capability | Voltmeter Included – Intelligauge | Gasoline Capacity – 3.8 gal.
  • Outlets – A 120V 30A locking | 120V 30A RV |120V 20A household. Includes a low-oil shut-off sensor and has a 0.6-quart oil capacity (recommended 10W-30)
  • This unit includes an internal AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator), as well as backup Voltguard to prevent overloads and keep your valuable equipment safe from voltage spikes
Buy on Amazon

Briggs & Stratton 030698 Portable reversing generator

Briggs & Stratton P2200 Power Smart Series Inverter Generator with Quiet Power Technology and Parallel Capability, 2200 Starting Watts 1700 Running Watts

This is a portable electric generator with double output of 230V and 16A, which also includes a charging socket for batteries or a direct current of 12V and 5A. This quiet model is equipped with a 111cc engine that generates up to 2,200 watts of starting power and approximately 1,700 watts of continuous operation.

You will have no problem connecting any type of laptop, TV or game console to this generator in complete safety, as it has a total harmonic distortion of no more than 3%. It is a compact model of 52 x 35 x 43 centimeters, so you can comfortably store it in any small place.

Thanks to its 3.8-litre fuel tank and inverter technology, this model achieves an autonomy of approximately 8 hours at 25% of the total load.

If you want to buy electric generators, but are still not sure which model to choose, we suggest you look at this alternative.

Pros

  • Power: Get up to 1,700 watts of completely clean energy with this model of electric generator.
  • Quiet: Don’t worry about the noise generated by this practical model, as it emits an operating volume level of up to 59 dB, making it one of the quietest on the market.
  • Outputs: It has two domestic sockets of 230V plus an input to charge any 12V battery.

Cons

  • Starting: If you are looking for a model of electric generator that has an electric start, we recommend you look at another alternative, since its start is manual.
Briggs & Stratton P2200 Power Smart Series Inverter Generator with Quiet Power Technology and Parallel Capability, 2200 Starting Watts 1700 Running Watts
Briggs & Stratton P2200 Power Smart Series Inverter Generator with Quiet Power Technology and Parallel Capability, 2200 Starting Watts 1700 Running Watts
  • Quiet and fuel efficient 111 cc OHV engine produces 2,200 starting watts and 1700 running watts
  • USB port allows charging of portable electronics in order to stay connected. Muffler: Super Lo-tone. Start type: Recoil
  • Parallel connector port allows connection between 2 units for more power
  • 1 gallon fuel tank for Up to 8 hours of continuous operation at 25% load, USB port allows charging of portable electronics in order to stay connected
  • The parallel connector port allows connection between 2 units for more power; Muffler: Super Lo Tone. Start Type: Recoil
$648.70
Buy on Amazon

Pramac Portable Butane Electric Generator 3000 RPM

If you are looking for an electric generator that you can use in your travelling market stall or if you are camping on the beach or in the mountains, don’t hesitate to look at this practical model that can be powered by both propane and butane gas, so it is a great solution for various situations.

It is equipped with a Pramac DJ170F air-cooled engine that has a cylinder capacity of 208 cubic centimeters and a nominal operating speed of up to 3,000 RPM. It has a mechanical speed regulator and a 0.6-liter fuel tank. In addition, its dimensions of 71.8 x 58.6 x 93.9 cm make it easy to store.

It has a very simple manual starting system, and this equipment is considered a very safe butane gas electric generator since it has an IP23 protection standard.

In order to correctly choose a model of an electric generator, it is very important to pay attention to all opinions and recommendations about the product. Below, you can look at the pros and cons of this practice model.

Pros

  • Engine: Incorporates a 208 cm3 Pramac DJ170F engine that generates a continuous power of 2.45 kW.
  • Mobility: It is a generator that is very easy to transport thanks to the handle and wheels incorporated in the structure that supports the engine.
  • Compatible: You can easily adapt it to any standard LPG or LPG cylinder up to 300 mm in diameter.

Cons

  • Power: If you are looking for a generator model that is fuel powered and not gas powered, we recommend looking at another generator from this list.

Suaoki 150Wh Portable Solar Generator

SUAOKI Portable Power Station, 150Wh Camping Generator Lithium Power Supply with Dual 110V AC Outlet, 4 DC Ports, 4 USB Ports, LED Flashlights for Road Trip Camping Travel Emergency Backup

This solar electric generator is considered one of the cheapest alternatives on this list, especially if you are looking for a compact and very versatile model. It is a powerful charging station that stands out for its dimensions of 18.45 x 10.95 x 11.85 millimeters and its weight of no more than 1.3 kilograms, so you can carry it and store it anywhere with great ease thanks to its hidden lifting handles.

With this generator, you can charge a variety of electrical devices because it has 4 output ports of 15 amps, 2 AC outlets 110V, 1 USB port 3.0 QC fast charge and 3 traditional USB ports.

It has three ways of recharging: either with a cable adapted for the car’s cigarette lighter, a connection for the power outlet or a connection for solar panels.

If you are looking for a cheap but very functional electric generator, we recommend you look at both the advantages and disadvantages of this practical generator.

Pros

  • AC/DC Output: You can power several devices such as laptops, small fans or some Drone models thanks to its AC port. Also, with the DC output port you can connect a cooler, pump or vacuum cleaner without any problem.
  • Power: Its power reaches 150 W/h, ideal for camping or emergency work when you are absent from light.
  • USB QC: It includes a fast charging USB socket very useful for your mobile phone or smart tablet.

Cons

  • Charging: To fully charge this electric generator with a solar panel, be sure to use a panel of approximately 100W or 150W.
SUAOKI Portable Power Station, 150Wh Camping Generator Lithium Power Supply with Dual 110V AC Outlet, 4 DC Ports, 4 USB Ports, LED Flashlights for Road Trip Camping Travel Emergency Backup
SUAOKI Portable Power Station, 150Wh Camping Generator Lithium Power Supply with Dual 110V AC Outlet, 4 DC Ports, 4 USB Ports, LED Flashlights for Road Trip Camping Travel Emergency Backup
  • [BE COMPACT, BE EFFICIENT]: SUAOKI S270 is not only the most compact power station in the market, but also features as many output ports as possible, think of it, size of two coffee mugs hold 150wh capacity and 10 various outlet ports, how convenient will be when you carry this 2.90 lbs weight portable generator for outdoor activites or camping, 2 hideable handles make it even more portable. If this is your first time to using a power station, this would be you best choice for the price
  • [PLUG-AND-PLAY, QUIET]: SUAOKI S270 lithium backup battery pack equipped with 150Wh capacity (3.7V 40500mAh/11.1V 13500mAh), 3*USB ports(5V 2.1A), 1*QC3.0 USB port (18W max), 4*DC ports (12V 15A 180W max), 1*2 prong and 1*3 prong output socket (100W running, 150W peak). Power phone, pad, tablets, GPS, laptop, walkie-talkie, Gopro, camera, drone, festivals bulbs and camping explore devices under 100W, enjoy off the grid life, travel, hunting, fishing, vanlife, cave exploration
  • [3 RECHARGE METHODS]: SUAOKI S270 emergency battery supply provides three recharging methods: 1) it takes about 7-8 hours to be fully recharged by AC 110v wall socket, ; 2) by using SUAOKI 60W or 100W solar panel kit (sold separately, recommended), this solar generator can be recharged under direct sun light, the bulid-in MPPT solar charge controller enables quick and smart charge; 3) it also can be recharged through 12V/24V car cigarette socket. (3 types of charging cable is included)
  • [SAFE, RELIABLE]: Here we bring you this advanced portable generator that passed UL Certification which means absolutely safe and reliable. Battery management system (BMS) enables voltage, temperature control and more advanced safeguards, no harmful to your digital devices. Built-in LED flashlights have two models of light for blackout or emergency case such as hurricane supplies (strobe and normal-lit, bright enough to see 50 feet away); indicator lights show the residual battery capacity
  • [WARRANTY]: SUAOKI brand seller offers 7*24 friendly customer service, 30 days money back guarantee, 24 months warranty, life time support. What you get: SUAOKI S270 portable power station, 3 types of mentioned charging cable (AC plug, car cigarette plug, solar panel cable), DC to car cigarette female socket, multilingual user guide, service card
$119.99
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WEN 56380i Super Quiet 3800-Watt Portable Inverter Generator with Fuel Shut-Off and Electric Start

Electric generator

If you are specifically looking for  small, but gasoline-powered electric generators, don’t hesitate to check out this model which offers a maximum power of 930 watts at 3A and 50Hz.

It has an excellent start thanks to its adjustable throttle and its engine performance reaches 1500 watts with a speed of 3000 revolutions per minute. It is a great alternative for use as a portable power station, making it ideal for use in the garden or remote locations where no power is available.

It is a very safe and efficient model thanks to its A energy rating and IP23 safety standard. Its dimensions are 37.4 x 33.2 x 32.4 centimeters and 18 kilograms, so you can easily take it wherever you need to go.

Before choosing any of the above models, we recommend you look at the positive and negative aspects of this generator.

Pros

  • Mobility: It is a compact and easy to transport model thanks to its dimensions of 37.4 x 33.2 x 32.4 centimetres and superior handle that allows it to hold the equipment easily.
  • Engine: It incorporates a powerful gasoline engine that generates up to 1,500 watts of power with a speed of up to 3,000 RPM.
  • Safe: This electric generator is considered a safe model thanks to its IP23 protection standard.

Cons

  • Noise: If you are looking for a model of electric generators that does not become very noisy, we recommend choosing another generator, as this product produces approximately 90 dB of sound.
WEN 56380i Super Quiet 3800-Watt Portable Inverter Generator with Fuel Shut-Off and Electric Start
WEN 56380i Super Quiet 3800-Watt Portable Inverter Generator with Fuel Shut-Off and Electric Start
  • Dimensions: 23.2" L x 18" W x 20.1" H | Weight: 99.2 lb
  • EPA III and CARB Compliant
  • 212cc 4-stroke OHV engine produces 3800 surge watts and 3400 rated watts with a half-load runtime of up to 8.5 hours
  • Fuel shutoff maximizes the generator’s lifespan by using up the remaining fuel in the carburetor before shutting down
  • Produces clean power to prevent damage to sensitive electronics such as smart phones, tablets and laptops
$1,177.81
Buy on Amazon

Accessories for electric generator

Alanko Electric Generators Light

Like any other engine for electric generators, this model has been manufactured by the German brand Alanko, which is specialized in the development of high-quality alternators and as any other dynamo, it allows obtaining electric energy from mechanical energy. This practical electric generator uses the latest technologies, which allow it to avoid any type of failure, maintaining the power, quality, and durability of the product.

On the other hand, this product has a guarantee of up to two years, which gives you a higher level of safety and confidence with this product. In addition, to guarantee its correct operation, make sure that your car is completely compatible with this dynamo.

In Conclusion

There are several things to bear in mind when purchasing an electric generator, we are hoping after studying this guide you would be well informed and have a better understanding of what portable electric generators have to offer and how they differ. 

If you’re still uncertain, we have a few other recommendations on things to consider before making a purchase. First make up your mind if you want a diesel, electric, gas, or solar generator. A solar generator is good for charging smaller devices such as tablets and smartphone, but for bigger devices you should consider a diesel or gas generator. Also, take into consideration how much wattage you require, have a price range in mind and lastly go for the ones that have quite a few power ports and few USB outlets. 

The Good news is that no matter what generator you want, there are lots of options out there that can fit what you’re looking for and your budget. 

Generator Transfer Switch: 4 Best Picks and Buying Guide

By ubaizn

Generator transfer switch

 

In this post, we will talk about the transfer switch for your generator. One of the most important items you want to consider before adding a backup source of power for your home is a transfer switch.

The time spent reading this article will be rewarded as you will have a better idea of what a transfer switch is and how to select the best for your needs.

A word of caution: there are several safety precautions to keep in mind while installing a transfer switch. Along with that, there will be guidelines and codes to follow, depending on where you live.

We will talk about transfer switches, the types that you can get, which type is best for your home, and how to install and use to transfer the power from your generator to your house when needed.

Once you have spent quality time with this article, you will be well-informed and will be able to make an educated decision on the use and application of transfer switches.  Also, you will be able to choose the best one for your needs and be able to install it following the instructions that come with the transfer switch.

What is a Transfer Switch?

Simply put, a transfer switch is an electrical switch that transfers electrical power between two sources.

Most portable generators have an automatic transfer switch (ATS) already installed between the house and the generator. It is found near the electrical panel of the home.

The transfer switch will make it possible for your portable generator to provide power to your home in case of a power outage. With the transfer switch installed, it eliminates the need for running several cables and extension cords to all the appliances you want to power with the generator.

The transfer switch makes your home safe and code-compliant to use with a portable generator.

Is there a need for a transfer switch?

In this section we will explore the basic question, do I really need a transfer switch?

If you look at it from a purely technical side, no, you don’t need a transfer switch. But, it is highly recommended that you have one installed for the safety of your home and for the convenience it provides.

For one, it is required by the National Electric Code (NEC 700.5 and 701.5). The code requires the home to have the transfer switch properly installed.

Keep in mind that if you ever plan to sell your home, and you don’t have the transfer switch properly installed, the home will be in electrical code violation.

The practical need is that having the switch makes transferring the power from the grid to the portable generator effortless in case of emergency and power outages.

You know very well that all the major electrical appliances like your fridge, air conditioning, furnace, water heater, are hard-wired and cannot easily be connected to a portable generator using an extension cord. 

Just imagine yourself looking for extension cords, untangling them, and trying to find where each will go in the dark.

Having the transfer switch will most importantly allow you to instantly transfer power over from the grid to the portable generator. It is a quick and easy, reliable, and safe way to switch power sources in times of need.

Not only is it recommended, but having a transfer switch is the safest way to connect a portable generator to your home. Extension cords can cause a back-feed and be an electrical hazard, which can increase the risk of fire and electrocution leading to serious injury or even death.

What To Look For in A Transfer Switch

When you are in the market for a transfer switch, you will be presented with several choices. This section will help you identify the optimum characteristics of a switch and guide you to make an educated selection.

Here it goes:

Type

There are two main kinds of transfer switches, automatic, and manual. Each comes with its own pros and cons. We will discuss them below.

Comprehensive Kits

The key factor is simplicity in the installation of the switch. A comprehensive kit will provide all the correct parts. You will have all the ingredients in one packet.

As a practice, most switches come as a kit. But is always a good idea to double-check while purchasing to be on the safe side.

Wattage Rating

Your generator comes with a number called running watts. Make sure that the switch you are buying meets the requirements, and is able to support the portable generator.

It is important to determine the appliances you want to power through the transfer switch and calculate the watts it will take to run them.

UL/CUL Certifications

Even though most brand name switch kits will be compliant to these certifications, it does not hurt to make sure that the switch you are getting meets the specifications.

Warranty

This is a no-brainer. You will always check to see how the company stands as far as the warranty goes and its customer support for their products.

Since you are handling a large electric load, having a warranty will give you peace of mind you want.

Related

Generator accessories: 9 must haves

Types of Transfer Switches

In this section, we will do a comparison of manual vs automatic transfer switches

Transfer switches come in many shapes and sizes, e.g., open transition closed transition, and delayed transition switches. But these are more useful in office settings and various business environments.

For this article, let’s concentrate and focus on home use only.

Again, for home use, there are basically two types, manual and automatic transfer switches. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, depending upon your budget and application.

After reading this, you can select the one which is the best fit for your needs.

Manual Transfer Switch

As the name suggests, the manual transfer switch lets you manually switch the power source from the grid to your portable generator with the flip of a switch.

Although these types of switches are less expensive than their counterparts, the automatic ones, it will require you to access the switch during a power outage. Make sure to keep a flashlight handy!

The manual switch also will let you manage the amount of load on your portable generator, thus preventing overloads.

Manual Transfer Switch Pros

Less expensive – compared to their automatic counterparts, they cost much less.

Ease of setup – Installation is easier as there are lesser moving parts and no programming is needed.

Ease of load control – Since there are switches on each of the circuits, you have full control of your portable generator’s load. This is a good idea to prevent overloading.

Manual Transfer Switch Cons

The basic disadvantage is that in case of a power outage, you will have to manually switch from the grid to the generator to allow it to power your home.

Automatic Transfer Switch

As the name suggests, when you lose power to your home, the automatic transfer switch will transfer the power source from the grid to the generator without any input from your side.

You can program these switches to automatically power the high priority appliances and circuits during a power-out.

As the saying goes, with convenience comes a cost. The automatic transfer switch with all its feature, higher maximum watt ratings, and bells and whistles, will be priced higher than their manual counterparts.

Pros

The best advantage that the ATS has over the MTS is that it will automatically switch the power source. No manual switching is necessary.

Many ATS are programmable. This enables you to put a higher priority for necessary appliances, avoiding overloading

Cons

Compared to their manual counterparts, the ATS is definitely more expensive. But, you will also get more features out of it.

Best Generator Transfer Switches: Our Recommendations

Depending on your budget and how easy it is to access the breaker box in your house (or location of the switch), you will take a call whether you want to invest in an automatic or manual transfer switch.

The market has several models for you to decide, depending upon what options you want.

We will compare four best models, guiding you to pick the optimum for your needs.

1. Reliance Controls Corporation 31406CRK

transfer switch

There are many good reasons why the Reliance Controls Corporation 31406CRK is an Amazon favorite.

This all-in-one model, manual transfer switch kit includes all need to effectively and safely transfer power from the grid to your generator when needed.

Another plus point is that it is competitively priced.

The kit includes a pre-wired transfer switch with wattage meters, a 10-foot power chord, 30A power inlet box, wire connectors, and an extra 20A plug end.

Features:

Max Running Generator Watts: 7,500

eUL1008 Listed

5-Year Product Warranty

Sale
Reliance Controls Corporation 31406CRK 30 Amp 6-circuit Pro/Tran Transfer Switch Kit for Generators (7500 Watts).,Gray
Reliance Controls Corporation 31406CRK 30 Amp 6-circuit Pro/Tran Transfer Switch Kit for Generators (7500 Watts).,Gray
  • Hose Length: 10.00 Feet
  • Power Source Type: Corded-Electric
$280.02
Buy on Amazon

2. EmerGen Switch 107501G2(Great For Outdoors and Indoors Applications)

Connecticut Electric EGS107501G2KIT EmerGen EGS107501G2 Manual Transfer Switch Kit 30 Amp, 10-Circuit, 7500 Watts, For Portable Generator

When you need a versatile solution, the indoor-outdoor compatible EmerGen EG107501 is the solution.

One thing to keep in mind about manual transfer switches is that many are supposed to be mounted indoors. Taking them out of the equation for those who need an outdoor mounted box.

It is here that the Emergen 107501G2 outshines its competitors.

The kit comes with a NEMA 3R Rainproof Power Inlet Box, keeping your connections safe while giving you the freedom to select a versatile mounting location.

Features:

Max Running Generator Watts: 7,500

UL Listed, Certified Frustration-Free

1-Year Product Warranty

Connecticut Electric EGS107501G2KIT EmerGen EGS107501G2 Manual Transfer Switch Kit 30 Amp, 10-Circuit, 7500 Watts, For Portable Generator
Connecticut Electric EGS107501G2KIT EmerGen EGS107501G2 Manual Transfer Switch Kit 30 Amp, 10-Circuit, 7500 Watts, For Portable Generator
  • FOR PORTABLE GENERATOR: This transfer kit is designed for use with emergency generators that have up to a 30 amp output, Nema L1430. With easy-to-follow instructions, this unit is incredibly easy to install and is a cheaper alternative to running your portable generator without it.
  • VOLTAGE: This transfer switch kit is designed with the capability of 2 pole circuits and allows 240-volt circuits, making it perfect for well or water sump pump applications. If one of the installed 2-pole circuits are not needed, the tie bar can be removed to allow for 2 single pole circuits.
  • INDOOR OR OUTDOOR: The designed enclosures of the power inlet and transfer switches to be used either indoors or outdoors and have a NEMA 3R rainproof rating allowing the kit to be installed wherever is convenient for you and you home.
  • COMPATIBLE WITH ALL LOAD CENTERS: This backup generator inverter is compatible with all residential load centers including: Challenger, Cutler Hammer, GE, Home line, Siemens, Square D, and Westinghouse load centers.
  • POWER SURGE PROTECTION: The double throw rocker switches absolutely eliminate the possibility of power back feeding to the utility line or to your generator when power is restored. All Connecticut Electric products are ETL listed, ensuring its compliance to UL Standard.
$319.99
Buy on Amazon

3. Reliance Controls Corporation 51410C 

Reliance Controls 51410C Pro/Tran 10-Circuit Indoor Transfer Switch

The RCC 51410C is an excellent choice for portable generators with 12,500 running watts.

The installation is quick and easy.

The simple and practical design makes it quick and easy to install in either office or home settings.

Reliance Controls Corp. 51410C kit comes with a high-quality powder-coated steel box, resettable branch circuit breakers, six combination knockouts, and non-defeatable double-throw switches.

Features:

Max Running Generator Watts: 12,500

It is designed for quick and smooth installation

2-Year Product Warranty

Reliance Controls 51410C Pro/Tran 10-Circuit Indoor Transfer Switch
Reliance Controls 51410C Pro/Tran 10-Circuit Indoor Transfer Switch
  • Designed for fast installation in both residential and commerical applications
  • 18-inch flexible conduit whip easily attaches to load center
  • Maximum generator running watts: 12,500. 15 amp single pole circuit breakers. 20 amp single pole circuit breakers
  • Maximum single-pole circuits: 10, Maximum double-pole circuits: 5
  • Features rugged powder-coated steel cabinet, six combination knockouts, resettable branch rated circuit breakers and non-defeatable double-throw switches
$910.00
Buy on Amazon

4. Generac RTSW200A3

Generac RXSW200A3 200 AMP Smart Transfer Switch

The Generac RTSW200A3 is hands down the most popular automatic transfer switch.

This ATS is built to produce enough energy to power an entire house or small office.

The Generac RTSW200A3 has a 200A, 120/240V single-phase rated transfer switch. It features a convenient service disconnect, which makes it easy to maintain and repair.

The NEMA 3R Rainproof Rated Power Inlet Box ensures that the switch stays protected, albeit accessible when needed.

Features:

Max Running Generator Watts: 48,000

UL/CUL Listed, Frustration Free

2-Year Product Warranty

Generac RXSW200A3 200 AMP Smart Transfer Switch
Generac RXSW200A3 200 AMP Smart Transfer Switch
  • 200-Amp 120/240 volt single phase Smart transfer switch with service disconnect which is housed in an aluminum NEMA/UL type 3R enclosure with electrostatically applied and baked powder paint
  • Transfer switch connects through the utility meter for easy installation
  • Heavy duty Generac contactor is a UL recognized Device, designed for years of service, the controller at the generator handles all the timing, sensing, exercising functions and transfer commands.Maximum Wattage:48000 Watts
  • Can be used in Tandem with Generac Smart Management modules, up to 8 more loads can be managed as well, providing the most installation efficient power Management options available
  • 5-year limited warranty; Replacement for RTSW200A3
$1,070.90
Buy on Amazon

Related

Generator accessories: 9 must haves

How to Wire a Transfer Switch To Your Home

Please read the DISCLAIMER before proceeding — what follows is a general guideline and we cannot assume any responsibility whatsoever for any property damage or injury occurred as a result of the information provided in this article.

It is best to leave the wiring of a transfer switch to a professional. But if you feel that you have the mindset and dexterity of taking up the task yourself, here is a quick guide and overview of the proper steps to follow.

  1. Locate your panel box to determine where you want to mount the switch. It is common practice to mount the switch near your panel box. This provides ease of installation.
  2. Mount the transfer switch onto the wall. Please ensure that the mounting is secure and free of any appliances or obstructions.
  3. Locate the main electrical panel of the house.
  4. Turn off the main power
  5. DOUBLE CHECK that the electrical power to your home is switched off by testing any appliance.
  6. Carefully and correctly connect the wires from the transfer switch to the breakers you want to control in the panel box.
  7. Using the correct 1 1/2″ drill bit, make a hole through the wall of the house from the outside to feed the electrical cables through it.
  8. Install the included electrical box above the hole that you have made on the outside of the house.
  9. Run the correct electrical cable from the electric box through the hole into the transfer switch.
  10. Locate the electrical receptacle that came with your switch and connect it to the electrical cable on the outdoor box.
  11. Mount the electrical receptacle to the box.
  12. Connect the other end of the same cable to the transfer switch which is inside the house.
  13. Make sure that the portable generator is in working order before testing the transfer switch.

Testing the installation:

  1. Leave the main power of the house off.
  2. Plug the generator into the outdoor electrical receptacle.
  3. Flip the transfer switch from the line to the generator
  4. Check that the connected circuits are receiving adequate power from the generator.
  5. If all is in order;
  6. Flip the switch back to the original position.
  7. Turn off the generator
  8. Turn on the main power back on.
  9. Seal the hole in your wall with a proper sealant to prevent any moisture, bugs, weather, etc.

Conclusion

We hope that this guide has helped you and given you the needed information to make an educated decision on the choice of transfer switches.

We have included a short guide to help you install it. (Please read the disclaimer).

Keep in mind that a transfer switch is an excellent and viable investment to help put power back to your home in an emergency power outage. You will be pleased that your important appliances are running when most needed.

Have you used, or are using a transfer switch? In what situations has the transfer switch helped you?

CARB Compliant: What does it mean and why is it important?

By ubaizn

carb compliant generator

Many of the generators you’ll see reviewed on Portable Energy Gurus are CARB Compliant. So what exactly is CARB Compliant? What standards do they enforce, and what are the benefits of using CARB compliant equipment? Let’s find out!

CARB stands for the California Air Resources Board. Since their inception in 1967, they’ve been upholding great standards of preventing air pollution.

Many kinds of engines – small and large – advertise themselves to be CARB compliant as that indicates that their pollution output is much less than other engines.

Since we’re all about generators here, we’re concerning ourselves with small engines. Interestingly enough, these are similar to the engines used in lawnmowers, leaf blowers, and pressure washers (chainsaws too).

 

carb compliant
The WGen 7500: Our favourite CARB compliant portable generator

 

CARB Compliance 101

The CARB was initiated in 1967. It was the result of the combination of two other regulatory bodies: the Bureau of Air Sanitation and the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board.

The goal behind the formation of CARB was to reduce the levels of smog in California, especially the more populated areas. In addition to CARB, the Federal Air Quality Act of 1967 was also approved which enabled California to make their standards more stringent than those of the Federal government at the time.

This overreach applied to everything: setting standards, doing studies, and monitoring pollution levels.

Once initial studies were completed, the Clean Air Act of 1970 was passed in order to put limitations on the emissions that engines made.

Again in 1977 and 1990, amendments were made to the Clean Air Act to include control over more types of pollution.

One family of emissions, in particular, was the target, known as SORE emissions (which account for nearly 1/5 of all air pollution):

  • hydrocarbons: molecules which are the building blocks of crude oil and all fossil fuels. These are responsible for smog and ozone pollution at the ground level
  • carbon dioxide: a greenhouse gas, reducing CO2 is the challenge of our lifetime. It is one of the most potent contributors to global warming
  • carbon monoxide: a poisonous gas, and very dangerous – you wouldn’t even know you’re breathing it in as it is odorless and colorless
  • nitrogen oxides: is responsible for ground-level ozone and dissolves in water vapor to form acid rain
  • Particulate matter: tiny, abrasive particles that will damage your lungs if breathed in large quantities over time

A quick timeline of CARB Compliant regulations

The CARB and EPA(Environmental Protection Agency) rolled out their regulations to reduce emissions in three phases. Funnily enough, the names changed – though this may have been by design.

The EPA called them phases, and the CARB called them tiers.

1. Tier 1 (Phase 1): Establish an emission standard for manufacturers whose engines produce SORE emissions. These standards would become law by 1997 and from then on, manufacturers MUST adhere to them.

As a result, manufacturers changed their engines from 2 strokes to 4 strokes. 4 stroke engines use a 4 stage process to fire instead of just a 2 stage process. The 4 stage process is more efficient.

2. Tier 2 (Phase 2): The second set of regulations was set to fall under enforcement from 2001 engines onwards.

As a result, manufacturers designed better carburetors and added a vent that would burn off any harmful fumes before they went into the atmosphere

3. Tier 3 (Phase 3): The third phase would fall into place in 2011, and any engines manufactured after that must comply.

As a result, carburetors and exhaust systems were refined even more. Catalytic converters (which help convert toxic gases into more stable, less toxic gases) and better fuel delivery systems were also developed.

carb compliant generator
The Atima SD2000i: A Super Quiet Carb Compliant Generator

CARB SORE Emission Standards

CARB standards have been in place so that manufacturers must make engines that emit less pollution than the allowed limit set by the CARB.

Since there is more than one kind of pollutant, the standards are divided into categories and also into engine sizes:

The exhaust standards are split into 4 engine sizes:

  • less than 50 cc
  • 51 to 80 cc
  • 81 to 224 cc
  • greater than 225 cc

Evaporative emissions are split as follows:

  • less than 80 cc
  • greater than 81 cc

There are some more divisions and categories, but they go into very minute details. The two groupings above do cover a majority of the regulations.

According to these groupings, engines must meet the pollution standards. The pollutants are measured as:

  • Grams per kw/h of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulates
  • Grams of reactive organic gases per square meter, per day (these are released from the fuel hose and from the tank)
  • Grams of hydrocarbons: vapors

How to get CARB compliant certification

Since CARB compliance deals with engines and some power equipment have engines made by other companies, the certification process is actually split into two parts.

One is for engine manufacturers, who must get the engine tested to ensure it meets the CARB standards in order to get the certification.

The other is for the equipment manufacturer, who has to show the CARB that they’re using certified engines or get their own parts certified through the process above.

How to read a CARB compliant certification label

CARB certification is denoted on labels by two abbreviations: EF and EVF.

EF stands for the engine family.

EVF stands for evaporative family.

One particular type of engine says EF: GHNXS.3892AB

This code seems a little bit daunting but it’s actually quite simple.

G is the model year. G stands for 2016, H for 2017, and so on.

HNX is the manufacturer code. HNX is a Honda engine.

S is the sector. In this case, S stands for a small non-road engine that works with spark ignition

389 is the displacement in cubic centimeters

2 is the engine class. In this case, 2 means non-handheld equipment, greater than 225 cc

AB is the manufacturers’ internal name for this type of engine.

The same engine also says: EVF: CMHNX22A

C is the type of venting control. C stands for carbon canister, S stands for a sealed tank.

M is the tank barrier. M stands for metal, P for treated plastic, and so on

HNX again is the manufacturer.

2 is the engine class

2A is an identifier used by the manufacturer.

What does CARB want to achieve?

Air pollution is the main target of CARB. All sources of air pollution have been regulated to some extent and the CARB has been incredibly successful in reducing emissions and pollution in California.

If you live in or around Los Angeles, you’ll remember how little visibility there was on most days due to the the extreme pollution. Now, visibility has much improved and the air is much cleaner, thanks in no small part to the strict standards of the CARB.

There are around 17 million small engines in the state of CA. Small engines, as you read above, are mostly lawn and garden equipment. This estimate actually comes from the sales figures that these companies provide to the CARB.

Interestingly, due to an overall improvement in car emissions over the last few years, SORE emissions have actually eclipsed car emissions as the major cause of pollution in the air.

Smaller engines only came under strict regulation in the late 1990s.

Ultimately, the CARB wants to try and get manufacturers to replace gas-powered engines with electric motors, which are a cleaner source of energy as there is no immediate pollution in the air.

Note: where and how the power to charge the motor battery comes from is another discussion altogether!

By 2031, the CARB wants small engines to reduce their emissions by another 80%.

CARB Compliant vs Non CARB Compliant

A CARB compliant small engine (generators, lawnmowers, chainsaws, pressure washers, and more) is an engine where the manufacturer would have submitted an application to the CARB saying their engine meets the SORE standards, and the CARB would issue an executive order saying the engine is compliant with their standards.

Non-CARB compliant engines have not gone through the process of certification. This does not mean they don’t meet the standards. They may actually be on par with some of the CARB regulations, but the manufacturer just has not gone through the steps to become CARB compliant.

How have engines improved to comply with CARB compliant standards?

Exhausts

One of the main forms of pollution that comes to mind when we think of engines is the exhaust. The exhaust of an engine generates a lot of pollutants that immediately go into the air.

The reason the exhaust is such a huge culprit is because combustion does not always occur fully and efficiently inside the engine, so many unwanted pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, particulates, and hydrocarbons are released into the atmosphere.

Manufacturers have two options:

Preventing pollutant creation

The best solution is to prevent pollutants from forming in the first place. This means making the combustion reaction inside the engine more efficient.

  • Delaying the ignition keeps the combustion temperature low, and results in less nitrogen oxides
  • The carburetor can be made with tighter tolerances and with better design to manage the air:fuel ratio and this results in less rogue hydrocarbons
  • The piston shape can be redesigned to make more efficient use of fuel
  • The fuel injection system can be made more efficient so more fuel is burned and less is wasted/burned incompletely
  • Finally, an electronic system can manage the whole engine to ensure that almost all the fuel coming into the engine is burned and reacted completely.

Neutralizing pollutants before they are released into the atmosphere

  • Crankcase vent lines takes unused fuel and any pollutants back into the intake manifold so they’re mixed back into the air and reused in combustion
  • A catalytic converter in the muffler changes nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water

Limiting Emissions which are Evaporative

One of the primary reasons that an engine will fail the part of the evaporative emission of the CARB testing is that the engine releases extra amounts of fuel vapors from the fuel tank, lines, and diurnal pressure changes, i.e. the expansion and contraction of the fuel in the tank.

These processes let out reactive hydrocarbons and reactive organic gasses into the atmosphere.

Let’s see how you can use SORE to minimize or prevent this kind of pollution altogether.

1. It is advisable to use CARB certified low permeation fuel hoses.

2. It is best to use a metallic gas tank. If you want an alternative, there are specially treated plastic and other non-metallic choices available.

3. It is a good idea to use charcoal or carbon canister or pressure relief system to control diurnal vapors.

Cost and Performance Differences

SORE manufacturers have to pay for testing certification to become CARB compliant. Not only that but your engine has to perform within the CARB standards at all times. This step will increase the upfront cost, although it will not be significant.

The cost of building the engine itself is minimal and will become zero over time.

CARB engines will have a slightly lower performance ratio (Non-CARB will be 1.3% more efficient), but the CARB approved will have a much better fuel economy.

Steps to Enforce CARB Compliance

Penalties for non-compliance can be heavy, but CARB and SORE manufacturers are working together to make sure that all the equipment is compliant.

Helping SORE Manufacturers to Comply with CARB compliant Standards

CARB works along with the SORE manufacturers to help them reduce harmful emissions. The regulations are getting stringent with time and together they understand that it is a joint responsibility to avoid violating regulations.

CARB has two programs which provide leniency to small engine producers and equipment manufacturers to help them transition to the more stringent emission control laws.

1. Averaging, Banking, and Trading

The averaging program allows for SORE manufacturers to use emission credits that they have gained through CARB compliant engines toward their weak performers. This system aids in getting certification for all kinds of engines. Since this is a transition stage, the program also allows some flexibility in new engine release dates.

  1. They can trade emission credits between engine families, i.e. averaging.
  2. They can stockpile emission credits for future use, i.e. banking.
  3. They can exchange emission credits between SORE companies for averaging purposes, i.e. trading.

2. Flex-Engines Program

This program is for downstream manufacturers, i.e., those that buy small engines to use in their products.

This is a flexible program allowing a certain percentage of the popular machines to use the older CARB approved engines, while the new regulations go into effect. (Currently, Tier I and Tier II are already in effect).

The reason for this program is to provide a smooth transition to implement the new SORE designs. E.g., give the manufacturer extra time to implement a new exhaust system into products that ship without them.

Steps to Monitor CARB Compliance and Enforcing Regulations

CARB has come up with an enforcement policy giving details of their methods and penalties.

Tamper Proofing Control

Tampering with emission control systems is a violation of Federal and California Laws.

Along with this law, CARB has come up with further innovative regulations to deter tampering with emission control systems.

There is a need for custom tools to access areas needed to adjust some parts of the engine.

CARB requires special plugs and limiting caps.

The tools required to tamper are custom and hard to find.

Production Line Testing (PLT)

Quarterly random engines are pulled off the production line and taken for emission testing with the results going directly to the CARB compliance department. This step ensures that manufacturers don’t pick out customized engines to pass CARB emission testing.

To make sure that all engines coming off the assembly line are CARB compliant, CARB reserves the right to send third-party testers to select engines at random for testing.

Requirements for SORE Engines Sold in California

  • All engines must have a valid executive order
  • They should have correct emission labels
  • They must provide warranty for emission control parts.
  • CARB makes sure that these requirements are followed with making;
  • Random field inspections
  • Emission testing on any engine
  • Auditing and self-disclosure.

What is the Maximum Penalty for Non-Compliance in California

For engine in violation, it is $500

For a test procedure violation, it is $50

In 2018 CARB assessed $13,296,191 in penalties from 93 routine settlements, 1,539 Truck and Bus Regulation STEP settlements, and 1,727 citations for routine enforcement.

[https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/sites/default/files/2019-06/Enforcement%20Report%202018.pdf]

Assessed $13,296,191 in penalties from 93 routine settlements, 1,539 Truck and Bus Regulation STEP settlements, and 1,727 citations for routine enforcement.

Summary of CARB compliant

  1. CARB compliance implies that the engine conforms to the emission standards set by CARB – California Air Resources Board
  2. The manufactures of these engines are mandated to use specially designed parts in their engines to remain CARB compliant. The focus is on small engines producing low horsepower. These machines generate harmful pollutants, e.g., nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and reactive organic gases.
  3. The exhaust and fuel system are the ones that produce most of the pollutants. Both these parts are modified to reduce the level of the harmful exhaust.

Which appliances use the most electricity at home?

By ubaizn

Modern life is designed to make energy guzzlers out of every home in the US. Many people try in vain to get the electric bill down, only to find it continues creeping up every month. If your households using more electricity than seems rational, look around for one or more of these five common home energy consumers.

Top Energy Guzzlers in Your Home

1. Water Heater

Depending on the size of water heater and the length of your shower, water heaters can be the biggest energy guzzlers in a home.

Much of modern life depends on access to hot water. Your showering, laundry, and even dishwashing all depend on hot running water. Some heating systems also will use hot water. At the end of the month, this can add up to 10-20% of your electric bill.

There are ways to cut back on water heater energy use without suffering or taking cold showers. using a smaller water heater (the smaller the better!) can make a difference. In addition, keeping the thermostat a little lower can save power.

Last, the best way to save money on hot water is to simply use less of it. Take shorter showers, wash your clothing on cold when possible, and keep your eyes open for opportunities to save. Every penny can add up to a few more dollars in your pocket or your savings account.

2. Staying Warm

No one likes to be cold. However, we pay dearly for the toasty warm homes that greet us every day. Heating a home is one of the biggest energy consumers on this list. Depending on where you live and what type of heater you have, you may be using as much as 3500 kilowatt hours a month just staying warm.

Heating your home is probably one of the more necessary expenditures on this list, but there are ways to cut back. If you have an older home, make sure your system is up to modern standards and that your home is well-insulated.

If your home heating is still driving your energy bill into the stratosphere, consider heating just the rooms you’re in while letting the rest of the house get frosty. Heating a smaller amount of space usually costs much less, so the effort (and the cold unusable rooms) are probably be worth it.

3. The Cooling System

Whether you use an internal HVAC system or just a window cooler, there’s a good chance that a great deal of your energy bill goes to keeping your home cool. As average temperatures in the US soar, a growing number of people use air conditioning despite it once being considered a luxury for only the wealthiest homeowners.

The amount of energy used by your air conditioning varies according to the type of unit, your unique weather patterns, and how you use it. Regardless of these factors, there’s a good chance that this one appliance is a huge part of your warm weather energy bill.

How can you save money while keeping your home a livable temperature? Experts suggest keeping your home around 78 degrees, to begin with. Second, make sure that your home is relatively weather-proofed, with good insulation and high quality windows. Last, use the smallest unit that will do the job so you are not paying for a watt more than needed.

Ultimately, saving money on air conditioning will often mean living with slightly warmer temperatures. However, most people can live quite well at 78 degrees and enjoy a healthier energy bill at the end of the month in reward.

4. Dehumidifiers

People in dryer regions of the country may not be familiar with this appliance, which keeps the air in your home free of moisture. Without a dehumidifier, people in more humid areas may be more prone to allergies and illness due to the overgrowth of mold and mildew. This is especially true in basements and other rooms where dehumidifiers are commonly used.

However, there is no need to pay so much for these handy appliances. Experts recommend raising the humidistat to about 50% humidity, which is low enough to remain healthy but still higher than many people choose. Any lower than this and your unit may be on all the time in some seasons.

In addition, people should shut all inlets to a room when the dehumidifier is on. Dehumidifiers are not intended to strip the entire house of moisture, but rather key areas such as underground rooms and rooms with large numbers of appliances.

5. Refrigerators/Freezers

Everyone enjoys having cold and sanitary food. However, the price of good health can be high. New refrigerators are more energy efficient than their predecessors but still use approximately 30-200 kWh per month.

An older refrigerator may cost even more, using almost twice as much as newer models. Although most people will not go without a refrigerator in order to save money, there are a few ways to cut this expense back as seen in this video.

Keeping your freezer defrosted, for example, can make a measurable difference on the amount of energy that it uses.

Saving Energy, Saving Money

There’s no need to live like the Amish to save money on electricity. Most people can find a few ways to cut back without too much sacrifice. In addition, some of these energy-saving tips (such as insulating well and keeping up to date appliances) will contribute immensely to the value of your home. In summary, use the following tips to save money on your electric bill:

  • Adjust your water heater
  • Keep your home in good repair, with high quality windows and insulation
  • Use newer appliances that have been designed to use less energy
  • Use “energy control” settings whenever possible
  • Use only as much as you need

Sources:

Energy.Gov

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